Shadow Education in China and Its Diversified Normative Governance Mechanism: Double Reduction Policy and Internet Public Opinion

As a private supplementary education activity outside the formal system, shadow aims to help students pass exams smoothly and obtain better educational resources. In 2021, The Chinese Government issued “Opinions on Further Reducing Burden of Students’ Homework Off-campus Training in Compulsory Education” (referred as “double reduction” policy for short). We aim strengthen standardization out-of-school training institutions stimulate public debate Internet. However, research double reduction how guide reform combination with online opinion is still lacking. Based this, text popular spots development were selected analysis, diversified standardized governance mechanism China’s was constructed. results this study show that reforms need pay attention government documents network opinion, develop warning lines. This can provide international academic community information reform, providing valuable experience reference.